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16 Jun 2019 
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This study “compares personality traits using the Big Five personality taxonomy and alcohol consumption of classical and heavy metal musicians” (Butkovic and Dunja). It studies personalities of classical and heavy metal musicians, and the alcohol consumption between those two groups of musicians. Understanding personality differences of various groups is important because it is associated with different life outcomes. Alcohol consumption as well as the use of other illicit drugs, “has shown to be higher among musicians as they experience a number of potential medical problems ranging from physical to psychosocial” (Butkovic and Dunja).
Through the use of a IPIP -50 personality questionnaire, participants answered several questions about alcohol consumption. The sample participants were men ages 15-64, playing either classical or heavy metal music, and omen because women are under represented in the population playing heavy metal music(Butkovic and Dunja). Other methods included an online questionnaire as well as face to face household interviews.
The findings suggest there is an connection between belonging to the group of heavy metal musicians and to the higher category of alcohol consumption, no significant differences in personality traits between the classical and the heavy metal musicians, and the proportion of alcohol consumption in musicians in our sample was not significantly higher than in the general population. This study is relevant as it provides information regarding substance use in specific genres in contrast to the whole music industry.
Chen, Meng-Jinn et al. “Music, Substance Use, and Aggression.” Journal of studies on
alcohol 67.3 (2006): 373–381.
The authors in this study, “investigates whether or not young people’s substance use and aggressive behaviours are related to the songs they listen to which contain messages of substance use and violence” (Chen et al.). They believe that there is a “connection between preferences for certain genres of music and alcohol and illicit drug use”(Chen et al.). Listening to music has become a pastime for many youth and has had a large influence on their behaviours. Some music genres contain a lot more references to substance use than do others. Through the use of a self-administered questionnaire conducted during the day over a 2 week period, which sampled community college students ages 15-25 in California, with 43% male, they came up with several conclusions (Chen et al.). First, alcohol and illicit drug use among youth may be associated with listening to popular music such as hard rock, heavy metal, rap, and techno. Second, young people’s substance
Through the use of a IPIP -50 personality questionnaire, participants answered several questions about alcohol consumption. The sample participants were men ages 15-64, playing either classical or heavy metal music, and omen because women are under represented in the population playing heavy metal music(Butkovic and Dunja). Other methods included an online questionnaire as well as face to face household interviews.
The findings suggest there is an connection between belonging to the group of heavy metal musicians and to the higher category of alcohol consumption, no significant differences in personality traits between the classical and the heavy metal musicians, and the proportion of alcohol consumption in musicians in our sample was not significantly higher than in the general population. This study is relevant as it provides information regarding substance use in specific genres in contrast to the whole music industry.
Chen, Meng-Jinn et al. “Music, Substance Use, and Aggression.” Journal of studies on
alcohol 67.3 (2006): 373–381.
The authors in this study, “investigates whether or not young people’s substance use and aggressive behaviours are related to the songs they listen to which contain messages of substance use and violence” (Chen et al.). They believe that there is a “connection between preferences for certain genres of music and alcohol and illicit drug use”(Chen et al.). Listening to music has become a pastime for many youth and has had a large influence on their behaviours. Some music genres contain a lot more references to substance use than do others. Through the use of a self-administered questionnaire conducted during the day over a 2 week period, which sampled community college students ages 15-25 in California, with 43% male, they came up with several conclusions (Chen et al.). First, alcohol and illicit drug use among youth may be associated with listening to popular music such as hard rock, heavy metal, rap, and techno. Second, young people’s substance
use and aggressive behaviours may be related to their frequent exposure to music containing references to substance use and violence. This study is credible and reliable, however, the study may be biased as the findings cannot be used to generalize college students since a large proportion of the survey sample was non-white. In order to better understand the situation, the sample should include the general populations to examine the dynamic relations between music listening and behaviours.
Iszáj, Fruzsina, et al. “Creativity and Psychoactive Substance Use: A Systematic
Review.” International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, vol. 15, no. 5, Oct.
20AD, pp. 1135–1149. Springer US.
The purpose of this study is to examine the role of psychoactive substance use in the research of artistic creation and creativity (Iszáj et al.), as there is an association between creativity and substance use. The two phases of creative work, according to this study is inspirational where the artist is passively present in the process (Iszáj et al.). The other is elaboration, in which requires concentration, planning, and problem solving (Iszáj et al.). Possible reasons for artists’ substance use might be the achievement of experiences of individuality and separation from one’s surroundings. Substance users attempt to achieve mental states that can help loosen personality and reality experiences and try to regulate their emotions, behaviour and interpersonal relationships via substance use (Iszáj et al.).
This study uses questionnaires particularly the Torrance Test of Creative Thinking (TTCT). The sample participants with the exception of one study, where the sample focused on adolescents, was comprised of adults. Another method was analyzing artworks, as well as comparing the participants’ normal and altered states of consciousness caused by LSD (Iszáj et al.). The findings concluded that hallucinatory substances enhanced creative solving. After examining the 20 participants it was noted that artists tended to focus on specific parts rather than the whole work, colours become more intense and lines altered to become curvilinear (Iszáj et al.). This study helps my understanding of substance use in the music industry as it explains the effects of substance use as well as the influence on the creative process.
Miller, Kathleen E., and Quigley, Brian M. “Sensation-Seeking, Performance Genres and
Substance Use among Musicians.” Psychology of Music, vol. 40, no. 4, 2011, pp. 389– ., doi:10.1177/0305735610387776
This paper is a study regarding the relationships among personality, musical performance genres, and the use of substances both licit and illicit. The authors made three hypothesis’. First, substance abuse patterns would differ among genres (Miller and Quigley). Second, sensation seeking would be positively associated with the intense/rebellious and energetic/rhythmic dimensions of musical performance (Miller and Quigley). Third, women and men vary in their patterns of substance use (Miller and Quigley). It has been long assumed in popular cultural imagery that “musicians routinely use both licit and illicit substances for recreational purposes, to enhance creativity or to cope with their artistic lifestyle” (Miller and Quigley). Musicians are a population often stereotypically linked to a wide range of substance use behaviours.
It Is believed that “the perception of widespread among musicians was particularly common among rock/alternative/R&B musicians (57%) and jazz/blues musicians (42%) but considerably less so among classical (21%) and church/gospel performers” (Miller and Quigley). Alcohol and marijuana served as a source of creative inspiration and celebration, and as a way to promote group bonding with team members or the audience. In addition, illicit drug use “may also provide an informal means of self-medication for less common, but more severe dysfunctions which sometimes accompany artistic creativity, such as schizophrenic or affective disorders” (Miller and Quigley).
To test their hypothesis a hierarchical regression analysis was used to test the simultaneous effects of sensation-seeking and performance genres. The sample participants consisted of “226 professional or amateur musicians who completed a one hour self- administered questionnaire about their musical backgrounds, personality, and self-image, and lifestyles” (Miller and Quigley), ages 18-45 and of the 226, 60% was male. The second method was a True/False Zuckerman-Kulman Personality Questionnaire, followed by a short test of musical preferences. The findings suggested that alcohol was the number one drug for most participants in the sample. Men reported higher rates of substance use than women, and substance use by musicians appeared to be more compared to the general population (Miller and Quigley).
This study offers a valuable source for my topic as it concludes that certain genres and genders seems to reinforce substance use, as indicated by our findings that alcohol and/or marijuana use in practice and performance contexts vary considerably. There are several limitations of this study in that, the sample was not randomly selected and cannot be considered representative of all musicians or young adults and no non-musicians included in the sample.
Primack, Brian A, et al. “Content Analysis of Tobacco, Alcohol, and Other Drugs in Popular
Music.” pp. 169–175. JAMA Network, Feb. 2008.
Popular music exposure is increasing among young people, and the purpose of this study was to “perform a comprehensive content analysis of substance use in contemporary popular music” (Primack et al.). The authors analyzed the 279 most popular songs of 2005 from Billboard and used an algorithm that integrates data from sales and airplay to determine the top songs according to exposure (Primack et al).
Substance use depicted in popular music is commonly motivated by peer acceptance and sex, and has highly positive associations and consequences. 116 of the 279 songs had a substance use reference and alcohol was most frequent. The motivations for substance use were peer/social pressure, sexual, and financial. In terms of motivations, “Sexual were most common in R&B/hip-hop and rap songs, mood management in rock, pop, and country, financial motivations in rap and R&B/hip hop songs, and addiction/craving in rock songs” (Primack et al.) Music is known to be highly related to personal identity as young people are influenced by musicians in terms of dress, character, and behaviour.
Through this study, it is evident that different genres portray different substances, amounts of substances, and motivations for associations with, and consequences of use. The limitations of this particular study is that they only examined 279 popular songs, it is possible that the more popular songs contain more references to alcohol, and the focus was on 1 year of popular music.
Iszáj, Fruzsina, et al. “Creativity and Psychoactive Substance Use: A Systematic
Review.” International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, vol. 15, no. 5, Oct.
20AD, pp. 1135–1149. Springer US.
The purpose of this study is to examine the role of psychoactive substance use in the research of artistic creation and creativity (Iszáj et al.), as there is an association between creativity and substance use. The two phases of creative work, according to this study is inspirational where the artist is passively present in the process (Iszáj et al.). The other is elaboration, in which requires concentration, planning, and problem solving (Iszáj et al.). Possible reasons for artists’ substance use might be the achievement of experiences of individuality and separation from one’s surroundings. Substance users attempt to achieve mental states that can help loosen personality and reality experiences and try to regulate their emotions, behaviour and interpersonal relationships via substance use (Iszáj et al.).
This study uses questionnaires particularly the Torrance Test of Creative Thinking (TTCT). The sample participants with the exception of one study, where the sample focused on adolescents, was comprised of adults. Another method was analyzing artworks, as well as comparing the participants’ normal and altered states of consciousness caused by LSD (Iszáj et al.). The findings concluded that hallucinatory substances enhanced creative solving. After examining the 20 participants it was noted that artists tended to focus on specific parts rather than the whole work, colours become more intense and lines altered to become curvilinear (Iszáj et al.). This study helps my understanding of substance use in the music industry as it explains the effects of substance use as well as the influence on the creative process.
Miller, Kathleen E., and Quigley, Brian M. “Sensation-Seeking, Performance Genres and
Substance Use among Musicians.” Psychology of Music, vol. 40, no. 4, 2011, pp. 389– ., doi:10.1177/0305735610387776
This paper is a study regarding the relationships among personality, musical performance genres, and the use of substances both licit and illicit. The authors made three hypothesis’. First, substance abuse patterns would differ among genres (Miller and Quigley). Second, sensation seeking would be positively associated with the intense/rebellious and energetic/rhythmic dimensions of musical performance (Miller and Quigley). Third, women and men vary in their patterns of substance use (Miller and Quigley). It has been long assumed in popular cultural imagery that “musicians routinely use both licit and illicit substances for recreational purposes, to enhance creativity or to cope with their artistic lifestyle” (Miller and Quigley). Musicians are a population often stereotypically linked to a wide range of substance use behaviours.
It Is believed that “the perception of widespread among musicians was particularly common among rock/alternative/R&B musicians (57%) and jazz/blues musicians (42%) but considerably less so among classical (21%) and church/gospel performers” (Miller and Quigley). Alcohol and marijuana served as a source of creative inspiration and celebration, and as a way to promote group bonding with team members or the audience. In addition, illicit drug use “may also provide an informal means of self-medication for less common, but more severe dysfunctions which sometimes accompany artistic creativity, such as schizophrenic or affective disorders” (Miller and Quigley).
To test their hypothesis a hierarchical regression analysis was used to test the simultaneous effects of sensation-seeking and performance genres. The sample participants consisted of “226 professional or amateur musicians who completed a one hour self- administered questionnaire about their musical backgrounds, personality, and self-image, and lifestyles” (Miller and Quigley), ages 18-45 and of the 226, 60% was male. The second method was a True/False Zuckerman-Kulman Personality Questionnaire, followed by a short test of musical preferences. The findings suggested that alcohol was the number one drug for most participants in the sample. Men reported higher rates of substance use than women, and substance use by musicians appeared to be more compared to the general population (Miller and Quigley).
This study offers a valuable source for my topic as it concludes that certain genres and genders seems to reinforce substance use, as indicated by our findings that alcohol and/or marijuana use in practice and performance contexts vary considerably. There are several limitations of this study in that, the sample was not randomly selected and cannot be considered representative of all musicians or young adults and no non-musicians included in the sample.
Primack, Brian A, et al. “Content Analysis of Tobacco, Alcohol, and Other Drugs in Popular
Music.” pp. 169–175. JAMA Network, Feb. 2008.
Popular music exposure is increasing among young people, and the purpose of this study was to “perform a comprehensive content analysis of substance use in contemporary popular music” (Primack et al.). The authors analyzed the 279 most popular songs of 2005 from Billboard and used an algorithm that integrates data from sales and airplay to determine the top songs according to exposure (Primack et al).
Substance use depicted in popular music is commonly motivated by peer acceptance and sex, and has highly positive associations and consequences. 116 of the 279 songs had a substance use reference and alcohol was most frequent. The motivations for substance use were peer/social pressure, sexual, and financial. In terms of motivations, “Sexual were most common in R&B/hip-hop and rap songs, mood management in rock, pop, and country, financial motivations in rap and R&B/hip hop songs, and addiction/craving in rock songs” (Primack et al.) Music is known to be highly related to personal identity as young people are influenced by musicians in terms of dress, character, and behaviour.
Through this study, it is evident that different genres portray different substances, amounts of substances, and motivations for associations with, and consequences of use. The limitations of this particular study is that they only examined 279 popular songs, it is possible that the more popular songs contain more references to alcohol, and the focus was on 1 year of popular music.